![]() The line of political exclusion from society and from the nation-state thus designates the borderline of the sphere in which human rights can be implemented. In this way, the only de facto subject of human rights is the citizen and the only de facto sphere of implementation of human rights is the state. ![]() Following this reading, one would think that it is a brute fact that the Rights of Man only can be implemented to the extent that they coincide with the national rights guaranteed by the state. One returning criticism has been that human rights are ‘abstract’ or ‘formal’ and therefore de jure as well as de facto ‘empty’ an understanding that famously led Edmund Burke to declare that he would rather enjoy the rights of an Englishman than the inalienable Rights of Man. Human rights have since their first declaration in 1789 been heavily criticised. ![]() “The usefulness of rights comes to an end when they lose their aim of resisting injustice. ![]()
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